An Introduction
To The Science Of Hadith
The Classification
Of Hadith: According To The Manner In Which The Hadith Is Reported
© Islamic
Awareness, All Rights Reserved.
Mudallas Hadith &
Tadlis
Different ways of reporting, e.g. (he narrated
to us), (he informed us), (I heard), and (on the authority of) are used by the
reporters of hadith.
The first three indicate that the reporter personally heard from his shaikh,
whereas the fourth mode can denote either hearing in person or through another
reporter.
A Mudallas ("concealed") hadith is one which is weak due to the uncertainty caused
by tadlis. Tadlis (concealing) refers to an isnad where a reporter has concealed
the identity of his shaikh. Ibn al-Salah describes two types of tadlis:
- Tadlis al-Isnad. A person reports from
his shaikh whom he met, what he did not hear from him, or from a contemporary
of his whom he did not meet, in such a way as to create the impression that
he heard the hadith
in person. A mudallis (one who practises tadlis) here usually uses the mode
("on the authority of") or ("he said") to conceal the
truth about the isnad.
- Tadlis al-Shuyukh.
The reporter does mention his shaikh by name, but uses a less well-known name,
by-name, nickname etc., in order not to disclose his shaikh's identity.38
Al-`Iraqi (d. 806), in his notes on Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah,
adds a third type of tadlis:
- Tadlis al-Taswiyyah. To explain it,
let us assume an isnad which contains a trustworthy shaikh reporting from a weak authority, who in turn reports
from another trustworthy shaikh. Now, the reporter of this isnad omits the intermediate
weak authority, leaving it apparently consisting of reliable authorities.
He plainly shows that he heard it from his shaikh but he uses the mode "on
the authority of" to link his immediate shaikh with the next trustworthy one. To an average student,
this isnad seems free of any doubt or discrepancy. This is known to have been
practised by Baqiyyah b. al-Walid, Walid b. Muslim, al-A'mash and al-Thauri.
It is said to be the worst among the three kinds of tadlis.39
Ibn Hajar classifies those who practised tadlis into five categories
in his essay Tabaqat al-Mudallisin:
- Those who are known to do it occasionally,
such as Yahya
b. Sa`id al-Ansari.
- Those who are accepted by the traditionists,
either because of their good reputation and relatively few cases of tadlis,
e.g. Sufyan al-Thauri
(d. 161), or because they reported from authentic authorities only, e.g. Sufyan
Ibn 'Uyainah (d. 198).
- Those who practised it a great deal, and the
traditionists have accepted such ahadith from them which were reported with a clear mention
of hearing directly. Among these are Abu 'l- Zubair al-Makki, whose ahadith
narrated from the Companion Jabir b. `Abdullah have
been collected in Sahih
Muslim. Opinions differ regarding whether
they are acceptable or not.
- Similar to the previous category, but the traditionists
agree that their ahadith are to be rejected unless they clearly admit
of their hearing, such as by saying "I heard"; an example of this
category is Baqiyyah b. al-Walid.
- Those who are disparaged due to another reason
apart from tadlis; their ahadith are rejected, even though they admit of hearing
them directly. Exempted from them are reporters such as Ibn Lahi'ah, the famous
Egyptian judge, whose weakness is found to be of a lesser degree. Ibn Hajar
gives the names of 152 such reporters.40
Tadlis, especially of those in the last three
categories, is so disliked that Shu`bah (d. 170) said, "Tadlis is the brother of lying"
and "To commit adultery is more favourable to me than to report by way
of Tadlis."41
Musalsal
A Musalsal (uniformly-linked) isnad is one in which all the reporters,
as well as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), use the same
mode of transmission such as 'an, haddathana, etc., repeat any other additional statement or remark,
or act in a particular manner while narrating the hadith.
Al-Hakim gives eight examples of such isnads, each having a
different characteristic repeated feature:
- use of the phrase sami'tu (I heard);
- the expression "stand and pour water for
me so that I may illustrate the way my shaikh performed ablution";
- haddathana (he narrated to us);
- amarani (he commanded me);
- holding one's beard;
- illustrating by counting on five fingers;
- the expression "I testify that ...";
and
- interlocking the fingers.42
Knowledge of Musalsal helps in discounting the possibility of tadlis.
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